Protestantism

• Was around in Holland by 1516
• Came to England through Henry VIIIHenry VIII
  Henry VIII
  1491-1547
  Married Catherine of Aragon, who was the daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella, who united Spain by marring.
  So when Henry divorced her and founded AnglicanismAnglicanism
  Anglicanism
  
  esp during 1600s-ish
  
  
  embraced ceremony/ritual & harmless pleasures on Sabbath
  tradition/pope/bishops establish religious leadership
  hierarchical
  
  
  Politically
  
  Divine Right of KingsDivine Right of Kings
  Divine Right of Kings
  King is appointed directly by God. Thus, king is answerable to God alone & to no earthly authority (not even Parliament)
  
  What connection does it have to primeval polytheism?
  
  Absolute monarchy
  monarch governs by appointment from God
  
  king is God's chosen son
  bulwark against disorder (HobbesHobbes
  Thomas Hobbes
  
  Wrote [[Hobbes, Leviathan]]
  
  Do people have the natural ability to be good? Hobbes -> no
  - humans left to their own devices would be horrible; no innate goodness or morality
  Hobbes wanted to bring order, and a king will bring more order than any democracy (Comparison w/ LockeMOC - Modern Philosophers
  Modern Philosophers
  
  %% Leaving the Middle Ages %%
  
  
  "Following the light of the sun, we left the Old World." - Columbus
  
  
  [[Aristotle]]'s Paradigm is their background, what they are breaking free of
  
  New Paradigm
  
  [[Thirty Years War]] scared them; religion is not the answer
  starting with the Renaissance, now the church is no longer the authority: science is the authority
  Also, [[Aristotle]] & [[Plato]] are no longer the authority
  philosophy's goal is to justify the new epistemo...)
  - trade in freedoms for the security of natural society
  
  
  Hobbes was pretty universally despised
  He identified common symptoms that people recognized...)
  
  
  
  , it was a big deal.
  
• Came to the Continent through LutherLuther
  Martin Luther
  Wrote Freedom of a ChristianLuther, Freedom of a Christian
  Luther, Freedom of a Christian
  Written by [[Luther]]
  Class Notes
  
  Christian is lord of all & subject to all
  maybe he's not saying that all good works ever done by believers are damnable sins
  
  (view in context of a Luther-era hypocritical church-goer)
  
  
  freedom from what?
  
  freedom from working for salvation, works (impossible to fulfill commandments)
  the law
  political freedom (NO)
  sin?
  
  
  body vs soul
  
  works make body submi...
  
  Background
  
  trained as lawyer
  became monk
  felt very inadequate, so encouraged to study the scriptures by Staupitz
  S also got him an advanced degree in theology, teacher , Univ of Wittenberg
  great struggle between Gods righteousness and man's sin. how could a display of god's righteousness be good news?
  
  "For in the gospel a righteousness from God is revealed" (Rom 1)
  "The person who believ... and CalvinCalvin
  John Calvin
  
  Institutes
  ![[Calvin, Institutes#Summary of excerpt]]