Industrial Revolution
Changes intended to shift from subsistence to surplus - Up til now, people had subsistence living. - I grow enough food to survive Also shift from agrarian to manufacturing - animals begin to be bred to be more efficient - a machine can now do the work of 1000 people, and is only overseen by 2-3
Timeline of the Revolution
First Wave 1760s-1810s - revolution in food & textile production - shipbuilding Second Wave - 8110s-1860s - more metal mechanization; factories
Backstory
- In 1575, most all available work & money went to obtain food
- Basic unit of production was the household
- populations had recovered to pre-black death levels
- so increase in demand, which drove tech development
- supply of goods short
- most powerful institutions in cities: guilds (similar to our modern Am. Med. Assoc. or lawyer's bar, or colleges)
- controlled # of workers
- ensured high costs by limiting production
- but rural not regulated by them
- the "putting out" system - textile
- merchant provides materials & equipment to rural workers (unregulated by guilds)
Textiles
- started in Great Britain (why?Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Changes intended to shift from subsistence to surplus
- Up til now, people had subsistence living.
- I grow enough food to survive
Also shift from agrarian to manufacturing
- animals begin to be bred to be more efficient
- a machine can now do the work of 1000 people, and is only overseen by 2-3
Timeline of the Revolution
First Wave 1760s-1810s
- revolution in food & textile production
- shipbuilding
Second Wave - 8110s-1860s
- more metal mechanization; fact...) - wool industry worked hard to limit cotton production (naturally)
- they made laws that prohibited cotton cloth imports
- so instead, merchants imported raw cotton & processed it locally
- Challenges
- production quality (English hands larger than Asian hands)
- Production speed
- increased by the fly shuttle (enabled wider cloth)
- then John Wyatt invented an automated spinning machine
- Processes
- Carding - make fibers parallel
- Roving - draw out & twist
- Spinning - further twist into yarn
- Weaving - yarn woven into cloth
- Dying - add color
4 Basic Changes
1) improved agriculture (steel plow, improved horse collar, better seeds) 2) organization of production 3) commoners got more political clout (govs moving democratic) 4) demographic shifts to urgan
Development of Factory
- built water-mill machines; limited possible locations
- but then steam enabled a factory to be anywhere
- Impact
- workers go to the factory to work, not work out of their homes
- production became more urban (people moved to cities, b/c there's a lot of opportunity)
- but then there was a ton of cheap labor, so slums developed
Why Did England Industrialize First?
- developed the patent (incentive for inventors)
- ready supplies of iron & coal
- timber resources were declining
- modernized agriculture (enough food for people to live in cities)
- developed lots of markets
- first nation to build all-weather roads (very important)